Monday, September 30, 2019
How Important Is the Study of Sociology Essay
The study of Sociology is important but the level of importance is debatable. Sociology is the study of the organisation human society and what problems come about within the society. It looks at who is affected and why they are affected. A prime example would be a married couple with children who then decide to divorce. Not only are the couple affected but so are the children. Why? The children would have to come to the harsh terms of their mother and father no longer living together, in some cases have to welcome a new family member or members, ‘the step parents or siblings’ They would have to adjust to new living conditions whether that be a new school or two different homes etc. Sociology questions why rules were put in place and why people choose to follow them. In some cases we look at what other people do and we ‘follow by example’. If there is a queue at the bus stop to wait for the bus, naturally we would go to the end of the queue and wait for the bus. Why? Some may say it’s out of respect, if the people were in the queue before me who am I to cut the queue. Another person may say that following simple rules has a positive effect on our living. If you’re able to follow simple rules then it may be easier for you to follow the bigger rules with strong consequences and this will enable you to teach others i.e. children. The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the â€Å"Father of Sociology.†He believed in the concept that the social world was based on scientific facts and with this people could build better future. For example, humans need food to survive and all the major supermarkets know this, therefore they come up ‘special offers’ and provide more organic options as ways to attract a larger audience. By studying sociology we are able to look the relationship between a man and society. A ‘celebrity or public figure’ is often highly scrutinized for their choices or lifestyle and this is because a lot is expected of them. This could be anything from the way they dress to even the way they walk/ talk and the mass media i.e. TV, Radio, Movies, Internet etc help us to form assumption of this person. As humans we are often cautious of the decisions we make as we don’t want to be the topic of discussion within the society. For example when we do something bad in school we may not want many people to know about it and that is because we are afraid of how we will be branded in society (the bad kids). But why should we be so afraid of something that we created ourselves. Realistically without us there would be no society as we are what form it. By studying sociology we are able to understand others cultures, customs, traditions etc within the society. This is very important to us as it helps us to gain insight into certain groups both minorities and majorities this prevents us from making assumptions about people and makes it easier for us to accept people. Often when controversial topics arise the media uses this as a way of branding a particular part of society very negatively and as humans we sometimes get sucked into this then we find it co-exist with one other. Many people fail to see the importance of sociology with the belief that it is simply common sense, this is false. Living in a society doesn’t necessarily mean you know everything about it. â€Å"People who like to avoid shocking discoveries, who prefer to believe that society is just what they were taught in Sunday School, who like the safety of the rules and maxims of what Alfred Schultz has called ‘the world-taken-for-granted’, should stay away from sociology†(Berger 1963, 24). Naturally when asked what we believe to the ideal structured society we would say something like ‘everyone would be employed’ ‘’everyone would have a home’ etc. But if someone were to say that crime played an essential part in this ideal structured society you may think this would be absurd. However sociologists have found that without the identification of crime and the punishments that go along with it then society really wouldn’t be structured. This is true because without both of those things mentioned then people wouldn’t know what type of behaviour is tolerable or intolerable. Therefore crime does play a part in an ideal structured society. Sociology appears to only look at groups and not individuals, this is not true. Sociologists believe that individuals can’t be understood without being aware of the society that they live in e.g. You walk down a dark alley late at night your pace will be faster than you walking down a high street in the middle of the day. This may be caused by a number of reasons, from a young age you’ve been taught that it’s dangerous to be out late at night. This is referred to as primary socialisation and is sourced by the family. It is our family. It is our family that shapes into the view of what we consider is ‘normal’. There are more witnesses on a high street so you would feel a lot more confident and comfortable. Another continuously proven theory is that men and women have different roles and responsibilities. Men are shown to be in control of business’ and high in power i.e. the government. 52 out of the 53 Prime Ministers the UK has seen have all been male. In certain situations males behaviour may be said to be overlooked. Aggression and Loud behaviour is tolerated by the males. However females still assume the role as bringing up the children and caring for people. According to the Nursing Times only 1 in 10 nurses in the UK are male which would mean that women would dominate that role. This does support the theory that the differences between males and females are through socialisation and this helps boys to become men and girls to become women. Human culture has been enriched through the contribution of sociology. According to Lowie ‘most of us harbour the comfortable delusion that our way of doing things is the only sensible if not only possible one’. This means that Sociology has given us training to have rational approach to questions concerning oneself, one’s religion, customs, and morals. This gives us the confidence to be able to decide whether or not we choose to practice a religion or not. It has further taught us to be objective and critical. This means we are able to give constructive criticism to our peers. It enables man to have better understanding both of ourselves and of others. By comparative study of societies and groups other than his existence, our lives have more meaning. Sociology also impresses upon us the necessity of overcoming narrow personal prejudices, ambitions and class hatred. This allows us to accept others as equals. The fact that few Muslims have been found to be terrorists does not mean that all Muslims should be treated as beneath us and be subjected to ridicule. The study of sociology can help us to view things differently, things we view as negative we may begin to see the other side of. A prime example would be suicide which we would associate with somebody that has some psychological problems. Although, Durkheim revealed in sociological study into suicide that our surroundings play a part in us making that decision to commit suicide and this could be anything from our relationships with the church to the one with we have with our family. This to me means that society influences certain decisions we make without us even knowing. Also as Straus once said ‘Taking a sociological perspective requires that we look beyond our individual experiences to better understand everyday life’ (Straus 1994). This allows us to look beyond the ‘social expectations’ and we then begin to learn from our experiences. Sociology has played a big part in how the government makes decisions and how they form rules and regulations. In 2011, the government made the harsh decision to abolish Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) this meant students from the age of 16-18 would no longer be receiving a weekly allowance from the government. This decision affected each class of people, higher middle and lower. For lower class this may have meant they couldn’t help out at home with any necessary bills etc. For the middle and higher class they lost that extra bit of cash weekly. Sociology can be used as good teaching skills as Teachers can test students knowledge by reversing situations where they may need to apply their everyday knowledge which is an important skill to have. Bibliography http://www.sociologyguide.com/introduction-to-sociology/importance-of-sociology.php https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plans-to-end-the-education-maintenance-allowance-ema-programme http://durkheim.uchicago.edu/Summaries/suicide.html
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Diagrid
DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of  biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1       EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2       EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3       EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4       EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING 3.       EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1                MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2                 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3                NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2          HEARST TOWER 5. 3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚   GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS               7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;               Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .           The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration sti ll holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   module is   discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a si ngle level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferr ing global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fo rdiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as the building height increases, the optimal angle also increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?   Base of the module:  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usua lly expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure 5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING                                                                                                                        The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure 6: Effect o f vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)   Unit weight of the material. b)   Availability of the material. )   Lead Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid construc tions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages- The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages – Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the loca tion of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure 9: Node Design Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During const ruction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?   Setting up perimeter girders |Figure 12: Construction Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4 . 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect†in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16: Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )   The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ promi nent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not  thoroughly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience  creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008. Diagrid DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of  biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1       EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2       EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3       EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4       EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING 3.       EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1                MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2                 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3                NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2          HEARST TOWER 5. 3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚   GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS               7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;               Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .           The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration sti ll holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   module is   discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a si ngle level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferr ing global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fo rdiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as the building height increases, the optimal angle also increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?   Base of the module:  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usua lly expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure 5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING                                                                                                                        The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure 6: Effect o f vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)   Unit weight of the material. b)   Availability of the material. )   Lead Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid construc tions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages- The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages – Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the loca tion of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure 9: Node Design Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During const ruction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?   Setting up perimeter girders |Figure 12: Construction Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4 . 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect†in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16: Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )   The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ promi nent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not  thoroughly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience  creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Rural Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Rural Development - Case Study Example Poverty alleviation and addressing the problem of hunger remains as the priority action areas for the Niger government. Persistent landlessness, lack of business opportunities and child hunger erode the initial gains made in Niger placed last out of a total of 177 countries on the United Nations list in 2007. The U.N. aid had stated that 300,000 children under the age of five facing the risk of death from malnutrition every year in the Sahel region which encompasses Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, among others. The hunger problem which afflicted the country had stemmed from the apathy that was present in the Niger government. Thus, the government failed to fulfill its serious obligation to provide food to its citizens. (Mousseau and Millant, 2007) Business conditions have dire prospects. Niger's population lives on less than a dollar a day. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was $320 in 2007. Approximately 40 percent of the Niger children suffer from chronic malnutrition and Niger's less than five years old mortality rate is very high. (Mosseau and Mittal, 2006) The regional integration of West African countries via the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), meant to assure an adequate food supply in the region. However, this organization failed to establish a regulatory mechanism that to ensure food supply and stable food prices. Irregular food production, exchange rates, government policies, international commodity prices, and regional conflicts exacerbated the hunger crisis. High food prices led to the sale of livestock, capital goods, and land, thus putting more people at a high poverty risk.The Government must do three tasks. First, attain food availability for all of its citizens soon. It has done this based on recent developments. The Board of Directors of the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) had approved the request of the Niger Government for a grant of CFAF 3 billion (US$7 million) to finance the Emergency Food Security Support Project in August 2008. The main objectives of the grant are to pro vide support for irrigated rice production and to achieve household food security.The State of Niger will supplement this grant with resources derived from mineral exploitation. The hike in the food prices during the Ramadan period made the Government subsidize the prices of consumed food products. This operation provided 3,000 metric tons of rice and sugar on the market at half the real price. The Government has channelled CFAF 11 billion (US$25 million) for trade channels for the marketing of cowpea.Second, the government must establish an arrangement with its major food suppliers to deliver food to the country on a regular basis by setting up a Food Exchange Market and funding it through its mineral resources. Third, the government can promote a holistic training in skills and education to make available a healthy and well-educated work force which can generate substantial income for their families and communities. Rural development in the NorthRural development is responsible for economic regeneration among the countries in the North, particularly the UK.
Gender and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
Gender and Language - Essay Example 1950’s television programs were ripe with examples of sexist language. The ‘boob tube’ as it was called then simply reflected life and language as it was at that seemingly archaic time. Women were second class citizens as was illustrated by the casual use of the words ‘dame,’ and ‘broad’ on television. Examples of sexist language can be found in any program at that time. In the Honeymooners, Ralph Cramden was the ‘king of the castle,’ and ‘wore the pants’ in his family (of two). Supper had better be on the table as he arrived home and if Alice got out of line he threatened to ‘send her to the moon’ meaning to hit her in the face as hard as the 300+ pound man could. That was the ‘50’s but this type of sexism in language persists even today. Sexist language can be deliberate, concealed or controlled. The deliberate use of obvious and overtly derogatory sexist terminology is generally considered discriminatory and is patently unfair treatment of women as compared to men. The intention of concealed sexism is also deliberate and discriminatory but the delivery is of a covert nature. â€Å"Subtle sexism is particularly interesting from both theoretical and practical perspectives because it may be quite prevalent, and may have an insidious impact on its victims†(Benokraitis & Feagin, 1999). In Sexism as it exists in language is a controlled manner of speaking that perpetuates gender stereotypes and reinforces status disparities between men and women (Parks & Robertson, 1998). Those less sensitive to sexism as a whole tend not to define the demeaning terms they use as sexist language. These people are of the opinion that sexist language does not exist or are either consciously or subconsciously trying to safeguard tra ditional patriarchal social hierarchies. Those persons more receptive to sexism and the harm it causes do attempt to adjust their speech patterns so as
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Controversy of Pre-natal Diagnosing Research Paper
Controversy of Pre-natal Diagnosing - Research Paper Example According to medical professionals, policymakers and other interest groups, prenatal testing provide parents the choice of therapeutic abortion freeing them from reproductive risk by preempting the birh of a child with a genetic disease thus liberating them from the financial and emotional burden and distress that the child and the family may experience from â€Å"interpersonal, intrafamilial and intergenerational relations†(Ekberg, 2007, 67). The idea was to detect fetal defect and to give expectant mothers â€Å"choices†if possible abnormality in the fetus is detected. While this may seem to be a medical breakthrough of giving expectant mothers advance information about the health and well being of their upcoming babies, this has however raised a number of disturbing issues. Rather than focusing more on the health and well being of both the babies and the mother, the issue redounded to a cold hearted cost benefit assessment that it will be more cost efficient to â⠂¬Å"terminate a birth†than to spend for the care of a disabled child. ... It also assumes that a fetus which has been diagnosed with abnormality through prenatal diagnosing will have no chance to live a productive, meaningful and rewarding life. It immediately passed a judgment that a child with disability will become an automatic liability to the family and society without a chance to recover nor to live a meaningful life. It is an assumption that is based on the impression on what is probable without inquiring on the state and well-being of the disabled child and his/her families. It also reinforces an intolerant society that discriminates against a trait and persons that does not fit to what the generally constructed concept of normalcy in society. Where before parents had control as to the quantity of childbirth, now it seeks control as to the quality of a child by terminating the birth of a fetus that may have potential defects. It is an impression that is misinformed because when studies were made â€Å"on children and families affected by disabilit ies indicated that disability does not preclude a satisfying life (Asch, 1999, 1649). Further, in a study conducted in 1995 revealed that a child’s disability did not affect the lives of their families and the needs and concerns of those family with disabled child were strikingly similar compared to a family with a normal child. What was distinguishable was only the complexity of the arrangement that is needed to balance the responsibilities at work and home (qtd. in Freedman et al, 1995) , Asch furtherly articulated that â€Å"these professions fail people with disabilities, by concluding that because there may never be full physical recovery, there is never a regrouping of physical, cognitive, and psychological resources with which to participate in a rewarding life (Asch, 1999, 1650).
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Theory of Good by Wilhelm Leibniz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Theory of Good by Wilhelm Leibniz - Essay Example Leibniz in his lifetime proposed theories relating to God and made a derivation from every theory he proposed. He is also known to be the father of calculus and the basic founder of the technology known as computer. Leibniz in his lifetime proposed a theory known as 'the theory of good'. This theory gives the basic facts about goodness while relating it to the God. Leibniz put in his own perceptions and came out with the theory of good which is now famously applied by many people. This theory has come into many criticisms; however some people are still in the favor of this theory. This article would further discuss the theory of good according to the facts given in by Leibniz and would give in a conclusion after assessing the theory. One of the very important theories Leibniz put in was the theory of good which was the basis for the ethics of Leibniz. This theory revolved around the basis of goodness and how it was affected. This theory was again laid upon three basic principles which were according to Leibniz's words hedonism, Platonism and perfectionism. Platonism basically signifies that goodness is correlated to reality, hedonism relates good to satisfaction and gratification whereas perfectionism implies to fastidiousness that is one should try to achieve precision in one's character. But with all these three principles there is a co existing form of malevolence. With the abstract good there is the wrong associated when there is defiance of reality. With the ethical good there is malevolence of bad and evil. And in the hedonism which is then related to the evil of pain. In constructing his theory of good and relating abstract good with abstract malevolence Leibniz has taken assistance from the work of Augustine, Boethius, Plotinus and in the theory of Plato Leibniz has given a clear cut view in his theories that everyone and everything is not equally perfect. He states that it is only God who has immeasurable and unbounded perfection and faultlessness. God is the creator of everything and he has given his creations varying amounts of perfection. To give his creations complete exactness and divinity like Himself would be like the creation of another God by Him and this is not how the universe has been based. The universe has been based on His principles and thus with His creations God has given everyone his own boundaries and limitations that are to be followed by everyone. This clearly means that everyone is not equally perfect and thus Leibniz is trying to explain that precision and flawlessness is not based on the law of none and all. It comes in different amounts. Thus it is clear that everything except God, including the universe has its own flaws. A common concept of Leibniz is that the flaws suffered by all the things on this univ erse are made by the God himself. He is basically describing his theory of good by relating it to the power of God and his flawlessness. As described by Leibniz, every single thing on this planet has some flaws. For e.g. one human being cannot be perfect in whatever action he does. As is said in one famous quote "no one is perfect". Leibniz here clearly is relating this object of flaws found in the things made on the universe with reality. Over here another worldly example may be considered that everything that has been invented by the modern technology also has some limitations as we may consider that
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
New Deal - Essay Example They could either develop programs from the bottom-up by federally generated job creation and welfare benefits thus forming social partnership with racial minorities and the working class including labor unions or they could give businesses freedom to correct the economy itself by expansion thus creating more jobs which would pump money back into the economy. Contrary to popular historic perceptions, the country was hardly moving in a socialist direction. The New Deal represented the prevailing capitalist societal structure culture as, for an example, its policy continued the division between what was considered the worthy poor, mostly widows and their children and the ‘unworthy’ poor, which included just about anyone else, who were disregarded. The First New Deal (1933 to1934) decidedly orientated governmental policies toward big business. The Second New Deal which began in 1935 was less pro-business in position, but in practice continued to support top-down economic growth. Later in this stage of reform, the government increased its focus on antitrust enforcement and stronger regulations on business regulation but ultimately, big business maintained influence over essential decisions concerning investment, pricing and production. In addition, the government assisted industry by limiting competition. Rather than attempt to regulate businesses, New Deal advocates wanted to greatly increase the size and control of the government so that it could act as a counterbalance to private sector industries (Yantek, n.d.). When Roosevelt took office; the government was fairly simple in design with functions primarily limited to the necessities of administration. Afterwards, it was altered into a multifaceted agency controlling business and intruding into citizen’s liberties. â€Å"It is no exaggeration to say that he took the
Monday, September 23, 2019
Harrisburg (state capital of Pennsylvania) Bankrupt Essay
Harrisburg (state capital of Pennsylvania) Bankrupt - Essay Example The move took place when the legislature of the state considered implementing the rescue plane. Last year many bankruptcies were expected by the municipal state analysts. However, very few localities dared to take the step. The council took the decision Tuesday night, 11 October 2011, in a 4 to 3 vote .Immediately after a petition was faxed of chapter 9 bankruptcy to the United State Bankruptcy Court by a lawyer of the Council. It all started with an inefficient incinerator which the city owned since 1960s, a political plan in 1990s by the county favored the landfills over the incinerator and by 2003 the enterprise went under $104 million dept. the situation worsened when an amateurish company was hired to fix it made and the contractor fumbled through the project badly and took the dept $130 million. So the City Council chose to bankrupt rather then state sponsored plan of dealing with the debt. Even as the dispute over the legality of the appeal filed under the Bankruptcy Court continues Lawyers are becoming active to pass legislation prà ©cising a state takeover. Lawyer hired by Mayor Linda Thompson argued that the filing violated city and state laws as city law requires the mayor and city solicitor to sign off all the hiring of the outside lawyers and solicitors approval of the rules and resolutions is required that are being considered by the council and neither was done in this case. Ms Linda Thomson called this whole event an episode of â€Å"sneak attack†.(2) Council members like Brad Koplinski, attacked the mayors financial plans and said that state backed plans were already rejected by the council and largely because it demanded too little from the creditors. Because of the mentioned reason Ms. Thompson and Council had been locked in battle for months.Ms Thompson argued that the Council is hindering the path of
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Israeli Wars from 1948 to Present Essay Example for Free
Israeli Wars from 1948 to Present Essay The 1948 War of Independence, which took place between November 1947 and July 1949, was started by a 6 month civil war between Jewish and Arab militias at the end of the British mandate of Palestine. This turned into a regular war after the declaration of Independence and the intervention of several Arab armies. The five surrounding Arab nations i. e. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon with support from Saudi Arabia launched a coordinated attack on Israel from the land, sea and air. These countries were urged on by their leaders who assured them that they could return after all Jews had been driven out (Eisenberg 147). The Jews were, however, able to defeat Arab armies resulting in an armistice that was signed in 1949 signaling an end to the conflict. The Armistice agreements were signed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. They established the armistice lines between Israel and the West Bank also known as the Green line. The Sinai War of 29th October 1956 involved a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France and Israel. Israeli troops invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and quickly overcame opposition as they raced for the Suez Canal. Britain and France offered to temporarily occupy the Canal Zone and suggested a 10 mile buffer on either side to separate Egyptian forces from the Israelis. Egyptian President Nasser objected and on 31st October 1956, Egypt was attacked by Britain and France. Consequently, the Soviet Union threatened to attack on Egypt’s behalf but it took the intervention of U. S. President Eisenhower to get them to agree to a ceasefire. The war itself lasted for only a week with invading forces withdrawn within a month. The Six Day War took place in June 1967. It was fought between June 5th and June 10th. The war was against Syria, Jordan and Egypt as Israel believed that it was only a matter of time before the three Arab states attacked her. After the 1956 crisis, the United Nations (UN) had established a military presence in the Middle East but in 1967, Egypt made it clear that the UN was unwanted in the region. Israel viewed this as a sign that Egypt was preparing to attack and rather than wait to be hit, they launched a hugely successful military campaign against its perceived enemies. Following the war, the territory held by Israel expanded significantly and it now included the West Bank, Sinai, the Golan Heights and Gaza. The War of Attrition was a limited war that was fought between Israel and Egypt from 1967 to 1970. This war was initiated by Egyptians as a way of recapturing the Sinai from the Israelis who had been in control of the territory since the Six Day War. The Egyptian President believed that Israel would be unable to endure the economic burden and casualties of war. To this end, he ordered calibrated attacks on Israel which would not provoke an all out Israeli war response. The hostilities ended when a ceasefire was signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began. The Yom Kippur War of 1973 is so called as it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. This war is variously referred to as the October War. It started with a surprise Arab attack on Israel knowing that the military would be participating in religious celebrations. Israeli forces were initially overwhelmed but by October 8th, bolstered by reserves, they counter attacked in the Sinai. They managed to push back the Egyptian military. The United Nations organized a ceasefire on October 24th and in September 1975, Egypt and Israel signed an interim agreement. Still, there were no significant territorial changes. The First Lebanon War began on 6th June 1982 when Israeli forces invaded Southern Lebanon. The government launched military operations after an assassination attempt against Israel’s ambassador to the U. K. by a mercenary organization opposed to the PLO. Israel then attacked the PLO as well as Syrian and Muslim Lebanese forces before they occupied Southern Lebanon. The war ended after three years in 1985 when Israel stabilized in the safety strap lengthwise along the border. The Second Lebanon War was sparked when Hezbollah guerillas ambushed an Israeli patrol on the border on July 12 2006. Israel’s Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declared his intention to free the captives and remove Hezbollah from Southern Lebanon forever and thus began an ultimately inconclusive month long war. During the short conflict, Israel lost 119 soldiers and 43 civilians whilst Lebanese civilians bore the brunt of the war with more than 1000 killed. The UN Security Council unanimously approved UN Resolution 1701 on 11th August 2006 to end hostilities.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free
Personal Responsibility Essay Accepting personal responsibility in life is one of the most important traits a person can have. A responsible person has accepted that they are in control of the choices they make in life and cannot blame other people for those choices. It also means that when they are responsible and can accomplish anything, including experiencing success in college and any other challenge put their way. What does personal responsibility mean? To me personal responsibility means that I am responsible for what I choose in life. I have to hold myself accountable and cannot blame others for the choices I make. Jake Lawson wrote on the Livestrong.com website, â€Å"Accepting personal responsibility includes but is not limited to: acknowledging that you are solely responsible for the choices in your life and accepting that you are responsible for what you choose to feel or think†(Lawson, 2011). That statement is very profound and powerful. It is easy to place the blame on others but all that really does is hold us back from finding our true potential. We cannot use scapegoats to hide the fact that we possibly make bad decisions in life. Whichever direction my life heads, I am the captain of this ship and I cannot let others control what I do. I have control over my emotional responses to outside interference and must live with the consequences of my actions. In the Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 89 (Issue 4), 497-515, Dana Klein wrote ‘people are responsible when they act with the ability to do the right thing for the right reasons, or a good thing for good reasons.’(Klein, pg. 497) What exactly does that mean? It means that if we choose not to do the right thing or make bad decisions, they have not shown personal responsibility. I have to be willing to improve myself professionally, academically and personally in life. I can never be complacent or else I will never accomplish more and continue to grow as a person. There is more to being responsible then just making the right choices. Personal ethics is also a large part of personal responsibility. If I do not make ethical and moral choices, I am not showing personal responsibility. When it comes to determining a specific course of action, I have to take my personal ethics into account. First, I have to look at the action and what, if any, the moral repercussions of that action will be. Even if the course of action potentially could be beneficial to me, I have to be aware that it could hurt someone else. For example, if I am putting in for a promotion at work and I know that a coworker who is also considered is better qualified for the job, but because of gender or racial bias I am offered the promotion over him or her, I would have to weigh what the consequences would be if I accepted or refused the promotion. I could alienate myself from my coworkers if I took it, but may be passed over for future opportunities because I did not accept it. I would be tempted to take the job but in the end I would turn it down so my coworker would get it. It is true I may not get another chance to advance in the near future, but it is more important to me to have the respect of my peers. There is a distinct relationship between personal responsibility and college success. I have to complete all my assignments properly and have them turned in on time. I have to dedicate a certain amount of time to do this or else my schoolwork will suffer and I have only myself to blame. Sometimes there are extenuating circumstances that may cause an issue, but it is my responsibility to deal with it and minimize the impact of it. I cannot expect anyone else to do my work; otherwise I will never learn anything and will always be dependent on other people to help me make it through my college career. Therefore, although I do not want other people to do everything, I have to be willing to learn new things and take advantage of the numerous resources available to aid me to do my own work in making me a stronger student. There are many programs out there to help, such as tutoring or mentoring programs that can help me be more responsible with my education. In doing all this I can credit taking personal responsibility for succeeding in accomplishing my goals as a college student. Another part of accepting personal responsibility is the willingness to set up a plan in completing my goals in life and as a student. Life is chaotic enough, so being able to manage my time is extremely important. Time is at a premium so I need to set up a schedule for the day to balance work, family, and time to study and work on assignments without over-extending myself. If there is no schedule, it can lead to assignments being rushed and not completed to the fullest potential of what I know I can do. Another key element in planning to complete goals in life and as a student is not to wait until the last minute to do things. Procrastination can hurt when working on any task or assignment. I need to prioritize when certain assignments are due and get those completed in the order of when they need to be completed, and not to overlook smaller things because a group of smaller problems will become a larger problem. If things feel as if they are going out of control, I cannot be afraid to ask for guidance in how to rein in these issues and manage them better so as not to let certain things suffer, like work or personal life. In conclusion, personal responsibility is incredibly important in more than just education, but in life itself. One cannot be successful in any endeavor without accepting that they make the choices in life and decide to be responsible for those choices, whether they be good or bad. By understanding what I need to do to accept personal responsibility; I can become a better student, a better father, and a better person in general. I cannot let fear of the unknown control my actions because by overcoming fear and taking responsibility for my life, I can succeed at anything. Change your choices and actions, and you will change the results that follow (Gallozzi paragraph 5). Annotated Bibliography Reference Page Entry Gallozzi, C. (n.d.). Personal Responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.personal-development.com/chuck/responsibility.htm The article discusses the issue of personal responsibility and how making a change in your life is not possible without recognizing you alone are responsible for the choices you make. Reference Page Entry Lawson, J. (2011). Accepting personal responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/14698-accepting-personal-responsibility/ The site discusses the many facets of personal responsibility and the definitions of accepting personal responsibility and what failing to accept personal responsibility can lead to. Reference Page Entry Nelkin, D. K. (2008, December). Responsibility and rational abilities: defending an asymmetrical view. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 89 (Issue 4), 497-515. In this paper, the author defends a view according to which one is responsible for ones actions to the extent that one has the ability to do the right thing for the right reasons.
Friday, September 20, 2019
The Wizard of Oz-Beyond the Yellow Brick Road
The Wizard of Oz-Beyond the Yellow Brick Road â€Å"Toto, I have a feeling were not in Kansas anymore,†claims Dorothy Gale as she explores her new world of lively color in the Land of Oz. The film The Wizard of Oz, adapted from L. Frank Baums childrens book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, released in movie theaters in 1939 and nominated for an Oscar Award for Best Cinematography and Color (The Internet Movie Database).The famous musical tells a story of a young girl Dorothy who gets lost in the Land of Oz and travels long and far to the Emerald City. At the Emerald City, she finds the Wizard of Oz, who she hopes will help her get back home to Kansas. On her journey she befriends the Scarecrow, the Tinman, and the Cowardly Lion; at the same time, she must also avoid the Wicked Witch of the West who tries to take Dorothys enchanted ruby slippers. The Wizard of Oz has a unique characteristic in that it was one of the first films to include Technicolor (The Internet Movie Database). Transitioning into colored films became an imp ortant event in film history. The movie industry now had the technology capable of filming in sound and color, which dynamically influences a movie. The Wizard of Oz contains many colorful items that play key roles in the film: the yellow brick road, Dorothys ruby slippers, and the Emerald City. One might find it intriguing to learn that since the idea of Technicolor has been applied, certain colors symbolize important ideas. Although many viewers enjoy watching The Wizard of Oz and may think nothing more of it but as a mere fairy tale classic, the use of Technicolor conveyed many aspects about American history in the early 1900s including racial issues, economic issues, and political issues. Colors were used as a technique to represent social classes or certain races. Once Dorothy steps out of her house after the twister, she stares in awe at the vibrant colors of Munchkinland. These colors help the audience to determine the protagonist and antagonists. For instance, the Wicked Witch of the West and her Winkies, the guardians of the castle, have green skin, unlike those who appear to be human like Dorothy. The differences in color tie to the â€Å"public discourse on race in 1900†(Ritter 173). These references to racial disputes reflected the times in the early 1900s, or post Civil War. While recovering from the Civil War, many former African American slaves struggled to continue living their lives now that Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation has been established. They had the opportunity to find jobs, but still had difficulty merging with the white community. Baum published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1900 and incorporated racial (social) issues at that certain point in time in order to point out that there existed a segregated culture. Historians refer to the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century as the Gilded Age, an era which featured concerns about social change (190).The movie depicts the differences among the groups of characters and displays how they do not cooperate well together. Another example of utilizing color to express a change in social class is coloring the Emerald City. As Dorothy and her friends trot along the yellow brick road, the film captures the Emerald Citys elegant, resplendent towers from afar; the city itself has magnificent structures radiant in green splendor. Baum associates the people of the Emerald City as well as the Wizard of Oz with the color â€Å"wealthy green . . . [as] . . . selfish, st ingy, and false,†(184) which in the end, the Wizard proves to be when he does not keep his promise to help Dorothy and her newfound friends. The reference to green does not indicate that a certain race is selfish; rather, it exemplifies the idea that at this time in history, serious turmoil existed between different cultures and races. Overall, color orientation enables the audience to understand relationships among the characters. The film also uses Technicolor to recognize the economic crisis occurring during the late nineteenth century, referred to as the Gilded Age and during Americas Great Depression. In the beginning and end of the motion picture, Dorothy is back home in Kansas, where the setting is set in a bronze, sepia color, unlike the Land of Oz, containing all the colors of the rainbow. The overall look of Kansas is â€Å"bleak. . . [including] . . . the house, people, and prairie . . .[which] . . . are all ‘dull and gray†(177). The dramatic contrast in colors between Kansas and the Land of Oz shows how dismal and depressed the residents of Kansas felt while suffering from the poor economy; this represents the dismay many farmers experienced in the United States during the early 1900s. In the film, Dorothy comes from Kansas, where there reside clusters of independent farmers. Baum published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1900, the â€Å"cusp between the decline of Populism and producer ism and the rise of consumerism and corporate liberalism†(198). At this time, many farmers created labor movements due to devastating droughts (198). In 1939, â€Å"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer brought the Oz tale to screen in vivid color . . . [while] . . . the nation was recuperating from the depression and preparing itself for the challenge of World War II†(199). Color made an impact on the audience in that it inspired them to regain hope that â€Å"[America] would emerge, as Dorothy did, stronger for the difficulties they faced and overcame†(199). In the movie, transitioning from black and white to bright colors allows the audience to relate to Dorothy. The black and white setting represents America during the Great Depression. When Dorothy, representing the common people, is in the Land of Oz, she overcomes her obstacles, which represents America overcoming World War II. The use of color gives off a sense of optimism for the audience about the troubles that lay ahead. Many noticeable items in the movie play a key role in Dorothys journey, but also correspond to important political ideas. In fact, â€Å"The economic and political tumult of the 1880s and 1890s was reflected in competing cultural understandings of American society†(198). Glinda, the Witch of the North, explains to Dorothy that the Wizard of Oz can help her find her way home to Kansas. In order to reach the Wizard of Oz, she must follow the yellow brick road that leads her to the Emerald City, found in the center of the Land of Oz. The yellow brick road symbolizes the gold standard, the current form of currency (Rockoff 746). Many financial reformers â€Å"criticized the gold standard and the National Banking System [. . .] for favoring industrial over agricultural development†(191). Many have analyzed both the movie and book and have interpreted it as a monetary allegory about Populists (Hansen 254). Dorothy represents the Populist Party, while the yellow brick road that leads to the Emerald City signifies Washington, D.C., â€Å"controlled by the ‘Money Power and gold traders†(Ritter 194). Even though the yellow brick road shows Dorothy the way to the Wizard, she still does not find her solution of returning home when she arrives. Very much like a moment in history, this event correlates to the decline of the Populists who cried out to government in dire need for help with crops and farmland. For example, a group of â€Å"unemployed men, suffering under the economic depression of the 1890s, [. . .] marched from Ohio to Washington to demand work and relief, but [. . .] were dispersed rather than rewarded†(183). Dorothys journey and this small group of men are alike in that both parties sought for help, but never initially received any. In t he Emerald City, the significance of the color green relates to greenbacks, or paper money, which many people of the United States referred to as â€Å"a form of false value†(184). This color coding can also relate back to the Wizard. The Wizard of Oz provides important historical references that took place in the United States of America. The movie allows us to escape from reality and discover somewhere over the rainbow a fantasy dreamland where adventure and excitement await us. The magic of The Wizard of Oz has an indelible memory to all ages, throughout the ages. As one of the most notable films in pop culture, the motion picture has obtained many outstanding awards thanks to an unforgettable cast and crew. Not only does the film remain a Hollywood classic, but it serves as historical documentation. As technology has progressed throughout time, the film has used the latest advances of Technicolor to produce a meaningful piece of artwork embedded with racial, economic, and political references. No matter what type of audience views the movie, each individual can relate to the idea that despite ongoing conflicts, â€Å"theres no place like home.â€
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Comparing Hide and Seek, Half past Two and Leaving school :: English Literature
Comparing Hide and Seek, Half past Two and Leaving school For this essay I am going to compare the language in three poems and how they show the persons feelings. These poems are 'Hide and Seek' 'Half past Two' and 'Leaving School'. Hide and seek is written in a 3rd person perspective. The language is descriptive, simple, atmospheric and childlike in the way that it uses personification (giving things human names). The poem suggests that it is in a 3rd person perspective by the use of the word 'you' at the end of the poem. The end of the poem is also very sad and lonely, enhanced by the darkness described. All these factors together produce a dark, lonely and upsetting mood, these factors are easily shown by the child's character which is soft, small, frightened and easily upset from the description that we get. Half past Two is also written in a third person perspective. The language and viewpoint of the entire poem is that of a young child's point of view, this is shown in the language. The language shows this by its simplicity, its child like words and the way that the writer puts words together with no spaces. The language also has some rhyming words in it. The child's character is simple, he knows what he knows, but that's it and he shows innocence in the way he thinks. The mood is not really set because the description does not include the weather, of a descriptive setting but we get a confused and scared mood from the confused child. The structure is simple with some italic writing to create emphasis and the writer uses 3 lined stanzas. Leaving School is written in a first person perspective and the language is a lot more complicated but still easily understood the language in the poem is also very emotional. The poem is about a boy that is missing home and is easily upset, the poem also gives use a feeling that he is being forced to grow up to fast, because of some of the simple things he is worried about and the things he gets wrong. At the end of the poem the child keeps on drifting in to his own imaginary world and also shows his lack of confidence. The mood is upsetting and lonely, this is created by the child's sad situation. The structure of the poem is in three chunks of lines, and the
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Gender and Information Technologies Essay -- Feminist theories of tech
Technology is socially and culturally constructed as a male practice carried out in male institutions (Hellman, 1996). The dominant value system of underlying technological creative processes and decision making, is considered to be fundamentally masculine. This is because during the late 19th century mechanical and civil engineering increasingly came to define what -technology is, crucially it involved the creation of a male professional identity, based on educational qualifications and the promise of managerial positions, sharply distinguished from shop floor engineering and blue-collar workers (Wajcman, 2010). Take engineering for example: an archetypal masculine culture, where mastery over technology is a source of both pleasure and power for the predominantly male profession. These images resonate with MIT computer hacker students. Though they would deny their culture is macho, the preoccupation with winning and subjection to increasingly violent tests make their world male in s pirit and unfriendly to women. However that is not to say all women reject ‘geek culture’, nor that computer science is universally coded as masculine (Wajcman, 2010). In Malaysia women are well represented in computer science. Still Women in ICT sectors stand one to five in information technology electronic communication professions and managerial positions (Wajcman, 2010). Thus this brings me to my hypothesis that Information and communication technologies breed a culture of misogyny. Within this research it is shown that women are largely excluded from the technical design processes that shape the world we live in. In Ecofeminism (1993) authors Vandana Shiva, Maria Mies Critique and Evan Bond, they view the dominant stream of modern science as a ... ...the global economy. Information Technology for Development 14 (4): 262-279. DOI.org/10.1002/itdj.20098 Gurumurthy, A. (2011). Feminist Visions of the Network Society. Development 54 (4), 464-469. doi: 10.1057/dev.2011.82 Hellman, H. (1996). A Toy for the Boys only? Reconsidering the Gender Effects of Video Technology. European Journal of Communication 11(1): 5-32. Lee, M. (2006). What's Missing in Feminist Research in New Information and Communication Technologies? Feminist Media Studies, 6 (2): 191-210. doi: 10.1080/14680770600645168 Wacjman, J. (2010). Feminist theories of technology. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 34, 143-152. doi:10.1093/cje/ben057 Wyatt, S. (2008). Feminism, Technology and the Information Society: learning from the past, imagining the future. Information, Communication & Society, 11 (1): 111-130. doi: 10.1080/13691180701859065
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)